Physical Design of IoT-1

 

It includes IoT Devices and IoT protocols-

Device consist of several interfaces for connection to other devices such as

§ I/O interface for sensors

§Interfaces for Internet Connectivity

§Memory and storage interfaces

§Audio/video interfaces

The sensed data s either communicated to other devices or servers/ cloud based storage. The generic block diagram of IoT deviceis as follows-

•USB Host  - According to the USB(Universal Serial Bus) standard a device is classified as either a host or a peripheral device. In the most common scenarios the host, such as your PC, acts as a controller and the peripheral, such as a USB drive, responds to its commands.

•Registered jack-45 (RJ45) refers to a cable termination specification that specifies physical male and female connectors and the pin assignments of wires-in telephone cables and other networks that use RJ45 connections. RJ45 connections are also known as data jacks. Since Ethernet cables have an RJ45 connector on each end, Ethernet cables are sometimes also called RJ45 cables

•NOR flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage technology that does not require power to retain data. There are two types of flash memory, NOR andNAND. The names refer to the type of logic gate used in each memory cell.

• double data rate (or DDR), it let the memory transfer data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, giving it the capability to move information nearly twice as quickly as with regular SDR SDRAM. synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM) is a class of memory integrated circuits used in computers. 

•A GPU, or graphics processing unit, is used primarily for 3-D applications. It is a single-chip processor that creates lighting effects and transforms objects every time a 3D scene is redrawn. Graphics processing Unit is the brains of the Graphics card.

•HDMI-a standard for connecting high-definition video devices. (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a HDMI-compliant source device, such as a display controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device.

•3.5 mm audio-Headphone Jack (3.5mm) A small round connector for accepting the pin-shaped plug from a standard pair of music headphones

•An RCA connector, sometimes called a phono connector or Cinch connector, is a type of electrical connector commonly used to carry audio and video signals. The connectors are also sometimes casually referred to as A/V jacks. The name "RCA" derives from the Radio Corporation of America, which introduced the design 

•An SD Card (Secure Digital Card) is an ultra small flash memorycard designed to provide high-capacity memory in a small size. SD cards are used in many small portable devices 

•SDIO- Secure Digital Input/Output. A standard for that accessory devices that extends the functionality of devices with SD card slots.  While an SD card is a memory card that simply stores files, an SDIO card can be complete hardware accessory.

•MultiMediaCard (MMC) is a memory card standard used for solid-state storage( type of non-volatile computer storage that stores and retrieves digital information using only electronic circuits, without any involvement of moving mechanical parts)

•sizes up to and including 512 GB,

•It provides a low-cost flash memory system with a built-in controller that can reside inside an Android or Windows phone or low-cost PC and appear to its host as a bootable device

•All communications between devices require that the devices agree on the format of the data. The set of rules defining a format is called a protocol. At the very least, a communications protocol must definethe following:

•rate of transmission (in baud or bps)whether transmission is to be synchronous or asynchronous

•whether data is to be transmitted in half-duplex or full-duplex modeIn addition, protocols can include sophisticated techniques for detecting and recovering from transmission errors and for encoding and decoding data.

•Bit rate is a measure of the number of data bits (that's 0's and 1's) transmitted in one second. A figure of 2400 bits per second means 2400 zeros or ones can be transmitted in one second, hence the abbreviation 'bps'. Baud rate by definition means the number of times a signal in a communications channel changes state. In the serial port context, "9600 baud" means that the serial port is capable of transferring a maximum of 9600 bits per second.•universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter

•  UART is a computer component that handles asynchronous serial communication. Every computer contains a UART to manage the serial ports, and some internal modems have their own UART.

•It is the microchip with programming that controls a computer's interface to its attached serial devices. On inbound transmission, converts the serial bit stream into the bytes that the computer handles.

•SPI- a serial peripheral interface (SPI) is an interface that enables the serial(one bit at a time) exchange of data between two devices, one called a master and the other called a slave . An SPI operates in full duplex mode. The SPI is most often employed in systems for communication between the central processing unit ( CPU ) and peripheraldevices. It is also possible to connect two microprocessors by means of SPI.

•Many types of devices can be controlled by an SPI, including shift registers, memory chips, port expanders, display drivers, data converters, printers, data storage devices, sensors, and microprocessors.

•The Inter-integrated Circuit (I2C) Protocol is a protocol intended to allow multiple “slave” digital integrated circuits (“chips”) to communicate with one or more “master” chips. Like the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), it is only intended for short distance communications within a single device. Like Asynchronous Serial Interfaces (such as RS-232 or UARTs), it only requires two signal wires to exchange information.

•Automotive Controller Area Network System. The Controller Area Network (CAN, also known as CAN Bus) is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow electronic control units and devices to communicate with each other in applications without a host computer.